Father Charles Plumier , born in Marseille and died April 20, 1646 20 November 1704 in Santa Maria near Cadiz, is a French botanist and traveler.
Her dad and her mom Jean Plumier Madeleine Roussel were simple artisans. After having acquired a secondary buonaistruzione, enter 16 years in the order of Minims, mendicant order founded by St. Francis of Paola in 1435, and December 22, 1663 is his profession of faith. He has devoted himself to studies of mathematics and physics, also stands as an excellent painter.
continued his studies at Toulon Father Magnan, where the geometry and learn how to work the lenses of optical instruments. Plumier is then sent to the monastery of Trinità dei Monti in Rome where he studied botany under the direction of two members of his congregation, especially Boccone Silvio (1603-1704). On his return to France was called to the convent of Bormes and studied herbs in the islands of Hyer, in the Midi and in the Dauphiné. Pierre Joseph Garidel knows by whom he met Tournefort (1656-1708) that accompanies its botanical tours. It also explores, by itself, the coasts of Provence and Languedoc.
first trip
Louis XIV had appointed Michel Begona to find a naturalist on a journey of exploration in the Americas. Begona these regions in fact knew what was superintendent of the islands of America from 1682 to 1685. Begonia that was then intendant of the galleys in Marseille, suggested Joseph-de Donat Surian (pharmacist, chemist, herbalist and doctor of Marseilles). But the latter, while having extensive knowledge of chemistry and a special capacity for herbal medicine, did not have sufficient knowledge in the field of botany. Therefore joins Charles Plumier who was also a talented cartoonist. The race starts in 1689. Plumier acquitted his job very well, bringing together a large number of drawings and a large herbarium.
The second trip
The king, very satisfied with his work, Plumier botanical appointment of the king, and sends it to the West Indies in 1693. Returning from mission, he published his first book, "Description of the plants of America."
The third trip
The third voyage made in 1695, will lead in Guadeloupe, Martinique, Santo Domingo and Brazil. Come back in 1703, will publish "Nova plantarum Americanarum generates " with the description of 106 new genera.
The fourth trip
This journey will be fatal. Fagon, physician to the king, eager to learn more about the slippery slope of America (genus Cinchona) in Peru, the charge of a new mission. Go to Santa Maria near Cadiz in order to achieve Los Rios, viceroy of Peru. Weakened by his previous trips, died Nov. 16, 1704. He is buried in a convent of Minims near Cadiz. His "Treatise on ferns " will, posthumously, in 1706.
The botanist
Plumier is a specialist in the flora of the Antilles and its findings are considerable. It is he who first gave the plant the name of different personalities. The begonia begonias, fuchsia for the Leonhart Fuchs, the lobelia for Mathias de Lobel, magnolia for Pierre Magnol .... He gave the cochineal of Mexico a better description: " cochineal of Mexico clings to various types of trees, the Indians on the cultivated plants that are called oppontium . Garidel But with Emeric, MD, who will show experimentally and with a strictly scientific rigor kermes the true nature of which will be ranked among the insects because until then had been believed that the red dye that was extracted from the cochineal came from the plant.
He leaves us with many manuscripts and more than 6,000 drawings, 4,000 plants (the other representing the American fauna). The her depictions of fish are used in Martinique by the Count of Lacepede (1756-1825) and Marcus Elieser Bloch (1723-1799). His publications Sciences nature earned him the admiration of his contemporaries, particularly that of Georges Cuvier (1769-1832). Tournefort and Linnaeus (1707-1778) dedicated the Plumeria genus of the family Apocynaceae.
The city of Marseilles has dedicated a street name. The town of Rochefort has dedicated the name of the street where there is a center for the preservation of the begonia. For some begonias, after his departure from Marseilles, he was appointed intendant of the navy in Rochefort.
The Plumeria
The genus belongs to the family Apocynaceae Plumeria including 1500 species in 424 genera of plants divided perennial herbs, or woody, of its warm climate regions, among which we include the oleander (Nerium oleander), the strophanthus salvacuori (Kombe and Strophanthus gratus) and periwinkle (Vinca major and minor).
apocynum The term that he gave the name derives from the greek Apocynacee apò = = kynós away from the dog, as it is a plant from which dogs are kept away, and not just the dogs, all of the quadrupeds. It is mentioned in Pliny Naturalis historia XXIV, 98: Apocyni semen ex aqua - frutex east hederae folio, molliore tamen, et minus Longis viticulis, sowing acute divided, fluffy, serious odor - canes et omnes quadripedes necat in food datum.
difficult to identify this apocynum. Perhaps Pliny meant the Apocynum androsaemifolium - androsaemi means that emits a red liquid as blood of a man, Andros + Haim, as pointed out Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656-1708) - known in English spreading dogbane (scatterer of poison the dog) . In spite of the puzzle that I submitted, I have not been possible to determine whether the second most famous botanists of the 1500 Pliny actually related all'Apocynum androsaemifolium or some other plant. Comfort were not even the three Apocynum described by Charles de L'Écluse (1526-1609) in Rariorum plantarum historia (1601) which refers a distinguished commentator on Pliny, the Jesuit Jean Hardouin
(1646-1729), CaII Pliny in his Naturalis historiae Secunda books XXXVII (1685).
According to reports Charles Estienne (1504? -1564) Would seem to be dell'Apocynum androsaemifolium and seems to correspond all'apókynon Dioscorideche was a contemporary of Pliny. Unless it was dell'Apocynum venetum, originating in Central Asia and came to the Adriatic coast, which is considered poisonous.
Plumeria The name commemorates the French botanist Charles Plumier, who lived from 1646 to 1704, he published several works on American plants. The genus includes about 50 species, represented by shrubs or trees whose cultivation for decorative purposes dates back to old, have always been highly valued for the delicate fragrance of their flowers. In fact, the English import these plants, originally from tropical America, the West Indies, where they are now naturalized, and by early 1700 one of these species, Plumeria acutifolia, was also widespread in the East Indies, where she was called plan of the temple in precisely what was being cultivated around Hindu temples.
plants are equipped with latex, with branches rather soft and fleshy, with leaves alternate, petiole and large, localized, in most cases, only at the terminal branches. The flowers are large, have the gamopetala corolla, divided into five lobes oblong, meeting in a long cylindrical tube with stamens inserted at the base of the lobes.
The systematic motto of this kind is not precise, because some forms are considered by some authors autonomous species, while other varieties are considered. In cultivation for ornamental purposes are relatively few species, also known as frangipani, whose origin is somewhat doubtful.
The fuss frangipani
fact, some are derived from the French frangipane franchipanier / frangipanier, milk coagulated, referring to the abundant latex which, after the injury, comes out from the branches and coagulates easily. Others argue for the derivation of the name of an Italian perfumer in the Middle Ages, composed a perfume whose numerous ingredients, as a whole had the scent of the flowers of these plants.
But research on the medieval Italian perfumer are somewhat conflicting. The Middle Ages began in 476 with the deposition of Romulus Augustus, was ended in 1492 with the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus.
Frangipane is absent in the Dictionary of the Academy of bran of 1691.
In Dictionnaire étymologique Noël & Carpentier (Paris, 1839) but are not Frangipane Franchipanier / Frangipanier.
From this dictionary we can deduce that the inventor of the scent - sweet and frangipani, too - was on the nephew of Muzio Frangipane. Muzio's grandfather had fought for Charles IX of France (1550-1574) and the anonymous nephew was field marshal of the armies of Louis XIII (1601-1643).
Let's see who the Frangipane.
Noble family Roman (in medieval documents Fraiapane, Fraiampane in Latin Fraiapanis, Frangipanius) that traced its origins to the ancient gens Anicia and linking his name to a legendary distribution of bread made by an ancestor to the poor during a famine. Since the beginning of the century. XI, in which the family appears for the first time (1014), became gradually more and more influential, especially in ecclesiastical policy, extending his possessions and went out of Rome (they were his feuds Cisterna, Terracina and Asturias) in Rome occupied the Palatine with chartularia Turris near the Arch of Titus and the Settizodio, so the surname de 'Settesoli. The Frangipani family lasted until the seventeenth century, with the title Marquis, that is marquis. From a branch of the Roman family would bring the Frangipane of Friuli and Frangipane (Frankopan) Krk, Island of the Adriatic Sea in the Gulf of Kvarner, politically included in Croatia. These, gentlemen of Croatia since 1271, distinguished themselves in the wars against the Mongols (thirteenth century) and against the Turks (XV).
For completeness, because too much is not known, we can add that my grandmother grandson of the anonymous perfumer's wife Muzio, named Julia, daughter of Mary Magdalene (ca.1523-1583) of Piefrancesco de ' Medici. Magdalene was married to Robert, son of Filippo Strozzi, with whom he went to live in France and only later in Rome. The great-grandmother Mary Magdalene was the mother of eight children (seven females, including Julia, and finally a son, Leo).
Monuments Muzio and children Robert and Lello Frangipane
sculpted by Alessandro Algardi around 1638.
Frangipane Chapel - Church of San Marcello al Corso - Rome
Muzio Frangipane
1541-1588
The abbot was a man of Roberto Frangipane
culture and one of the advisers of Henry III (1551-1589)
brother Charles IX of France.
Lello Frangipane died in 1600 at the age of 26 years in Croatia
where he had been sent by Pope Clement VIII as a support for the Habsburgs
to contain a attack the Ottomans.
Muzio Frangipane was immortalized by the Italian sculptor Alessandro Algardi (Bologna 1595, Rome 1654) with a bust that is in the Frangipani Chapel in the church of San Marcello al Corso in Rome. Together with that of Muzio are even those of their children Robert and Lello, sculpted by Algardi around 1638 when the three were already dead Frangipane. Maybe the anonymous nephew was the son of Muzio Lello (I do not think Roberto being abbot), or Mario, another son of Muzio.
No date of birth and death of Muzio is available on the web who mentioned it in spades. Maybe these dates are written in stone below the bust and see if somehow it will come to head. We do know that March 15, 1572, the castle of Nemi (33 km SE of Rome., 521 m above sea level, on the Alban Hills, dominating the lake) passed by Francesco Cenci to Muzio Frangipane, whose family has wielded it to own extinction carry out restructuring.
Thanks to Roberto Piperno - to whom we owe the splendid site www.romeartlover.it - \u200b\u200bApril 26, 2008 with his visit in San Marcos has been possible to ascertain through the plaque Muzio died in 1588 and lived 47 years , XLVII vixit annos. Hence why 1588-47 = 1541. In summary: Muzio Frangipane was born in 1541 and died in 1588.
A third Frangipani, Mauritius, Monaco a prion Italian Perfumery, which lacks any biographical note. Here is the text of the web under frangipani une crème à base d'amandes:
The existe Plusieurs Theories as to the source word of frangipani, but at least we agree on the fact that it comes from the Italian proper name, Frangipani. Either:
- A seventeenth century Italian marquis who invented the scent of frangipani, to hide the smell of leather gloves and shoes;
- An Italian pastry of the sixteenth century, the origin of a liquor-flavored taste of marzipan;
- Mauritius Frangipani, an Italian monk pioneer of perfumery.
In Glossary of Botanical di Alexander Theis (Paris, 1810) a proposito del nome dell'origine Plumeria troviamo che inglese invece he completed a frangipani corrisponde solamente da profumo inventato an Italian called Frangipani, without any historical information about the inventor of the scent. Frangipanier, according to de Theis, also indicated the Plumeria pudica emitting an exquisite perfume.
The Dictionary of Italian Zingarelli (2008) does not include frangipani, frangipani only: [from No the noble Roman M. Frangipane, 1834] n. inv. Tropical ornamental tree with large white flowers (Plumier alba) or pink (Plumier rubra) scent similar to jasmine .- It is therefore a term dating back to 1834, when it appeared in written texts.
Encyclopedia De Agostini (1995) has only frangipani end of the century. XIX; named Marquis Muzio Frangipani. Even the vocabulary
Treccani (2000) has only Muzio Frangipane frangipani and places in the Middle Ages: frangipani sm by the name of a Roman nobleman Muzio Frangipani, which is attributed, in medieval times, the composition of a perfume that turned out similar to ' smell of the flowers of Plumeria rubra. Even
Dictionary.com, using several dictionaries to our contemporaries, gives Muzio Frangipane rather than his nephew the origin of the term frangipani, came into use English in 1860-65: 1. a perfume prepared from or imitating the odor of the flower of a tropical American shrub or tree, Plumeria rubra, of the dogbane family. 2. the tree or shrub itself. 3. Also frangipani; to creamy pastry filling flavored with almonds. [Origin: 1860–65; Frangipane, after Marquis Muzio Frangipane or Frangipani a 16th-century Italian nobleman, the supposed inventor of the perfume].
Anche Linda's Culinary and Food Dictionary and Glossary (http://whatscookingamerica.net) dà il merito a Muzio per l'invenzione del dolce: Frangipane - Also know as frangipani. A creamy pastry filling flavored with almonds that is usually baked in a sweet pastry crust with fruit or puff pastry pithiviers. - History: The history of frangipane is traced to a 16th-century Italian nobleman named Marquis Muzio Frangipani, who introduced almond perfume-scented gloves that were all the rage. Pastry chefs tried to capture this popular scent in desserts; Hence the birth of frangipani. Later, When Was the perfume added to an almond cream dessert, the resulting delicacy Was Also dubbed frangipani. Today It Is Most Often Used to Refer to an almond-flavored pastry cream.
End of scrimmage, but remains as such, without any glimmer that will show us the solution to the dilemma etymology.
More news and curiosity
Let's see what else is there to orchestrate Apocynacea about this. Often a botanical name is overwhelmed by a popular name, but the name has almost Frangipani replaced the scientific Plumeria . Here is a brief history of the curious as well as the origin of the name tells the Great Encyclopedia of Gardening (Curcio, 1973): Catherine de 'Medici (1519-1589), became Queen of France (1560) and summoned the Italian Marquis Muzio Frangipani which was enjoying great success with a perfume which he has produced and traded with the same name. This complex fragrance made from spices, musk and violet roots was recognized as identical to that of the flowers of Plumeria and Frangipani's name, pronounced, surpassed the scientific one.
However in Sicily called pomelos and leave everything assume an incorrect pronunciation of the name of science.
But there is another attractive hypothesis.
In Hawaii, where the Plumeria is widespread and widely used for the manufacture of the typical flower garlands (leis), the indigenous name is Puamèlia or Pumèli. It is tempting to assume that a sailor or traveler Sicilian has brought home from Hawaii spreading the plant, together with the knowledge dell'arbusto, the name he had learned from the natives of those distant islands.
Source www.summagallicana.it
